沼氣作為一種清潔能源，其主要成分是甲烷，但通常含有 0.5%-3% 的硫化氫，這種氣體具有強烈腐蝕性和毒性，不僅會腐蝕發(fā)電設備、管道，還會在燃燒時生成二氧化硫污染環(huán)境。沼氣脫硫工藝通過物理、化學或生物方法去除硫化氫，是沼氣資源化利用的關鍵環(huán)節(jié)，不同工藝適用于不同的硫化氫濃度、處理規(guī)模及運行條件，需根據(jù)實際情況選擇適配方案。

　　Biogas, as a clean energy source, is mainly composed of methane, but usually contains 0.5% -3% hydrogen sulfide. This gas has strong corrosiveness and toxicity, not only corroding power generation equipment and pipelines, but also generating sulfur dioxide during combustion, polluting the environment. The biogas desulfurization process removes hydrogen sulfide through physical, chemical, or biological methods, which is a key link in the resource utilization of biogas. Different processes are suitable for different hydrogen sulfide concentrations, treatment scales, and operating conditions, and suitable solutions need to be selected according to the actual situation.

　　干法脫硫是中小型沼氣工程常用的工藝，利用固體脫硫劑的吸附或化學反應去除硫化氫。工藝核心是脫硫塔，塔內(nèi)填充脫硫劑（如氧化鐵、活性炭），沼氣從塔底進入，與脫硫劑充分接觸，硫化氫被吸附或反應生成無害物質(zhì)。氧化鐵脫硫劑通過化學作用去除硫化氫，氧化鐵與硫化氫反應生成硫化鐵，當脫硫劑顏色從棕紅色變?yōu)楹谏珪r，表明已接近飽和，需更換或再生（通過通入空氣將硫化鐵氧化為氧化鐵和單質(zhì)硫）。活性炭脫硫則依靠物理吸附，適合低濃度硫化氫（低于 1000ppm）的處理，吸附飽和后需高溫再生，適合對氣體純度要求高的場景（如沼氣提純制 CNG）。干法脫硫設備簡單、投資低，單塔處理量通常為 5-50 立方米 / 小時，適合農(nóng)村戶用沼氣池或小型養(yǎng)殖場，但其脫硫劑更換頻繁，運行成本隨處理量增加而上升。

　　Dry desulfurization is a commonly used process in small and medium-sized biogas projects, which utilizes the adsorption or chemical reaction of solid desulfurizers to remove hydrogen sulfide. The core of the process is the desulfurization tower, which is filled with desulfurizing agents (such as iron oxide and activated carbon). Biogas enters from the bottom of the tower and comes into full contact with the desulfurizer. Hydrogen sulfide is adsorbed or reacted to produce harmless substances. Iron oxide desulfurizer removes hydrogen sulfide through chemical reactions. Iron oxide reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form iron sulfide. When the color of the desulfurizer changes from brownish red to black, it indicates that it is close to saturation and needs to be replaced or regenerated (by introducing air to oxidize iron sulfide into iron oxide and elemental sulfur). Activated carbon desulfurization relies on physical adsorption and is suitable for treating low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (below 1000ppm). After adsorption saturation, high-temperature regeneration is required, making it suitable for scenarios with high gas purity requirements (such as biogas purification to produce CNG). Dry desulfurization equipment is simple and requires low investment. The processing capacity of a single tower is usually 5-50 cubic meters per hour, which is suitable for rural household biogas digesters or small livestock farms. However, the desulfurizer is frequently replaced, and the operating cost increases with the increase of processing capacity.

　　濕法脫硫適用于中高濃度硫化氫（1000ppm 以上）的大規(guī)模處理，通過液體吸收劑與硫化氫反應實現(xiàn)脫除。常用的濕法脫硫工藝有化學吸收法和物理吸收法，化學吸收法（如胺法、堿液法）中，堿液（如氫氧化鈉溶液）與硫化氫反應生成硫化鈉，溶液達到一定濃度后需再生（如通入空氣氧化生成硫單質(zhì)），堿液可循環(huán)使用，適合硫化氫濃度波動大的場景（如垃圾填埋場沼氣）。物理吸收法（如低溫甲醇洗法）利用有機溶劑在高壓低溫下對硫化氫的高溶解度實現(xiàn)分離，適合高壓力下的沼氣處理（如沼氣發(fā)電的增壓環(huán)節(jié)），溶劑再生能耗較低，但設備投資較高。濕法脫硫可連續(xù)運行，單套系統(tǒng)處理量可達 100-1000 立方米 / 小時，適合大型污水處理廠、工業(yè)沼氣工程，其脫硫效率可達 99% 以上，能將硫化氫濃度降至 20ppm 以下。

　　Wet desulfurization is suitable for large-scale treatment of medium to high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (above 1000ppm), achieved through the reaction of liquid absorbents with hydrogen sulfide. The commonly used wet desulfurization processes include chemical absorption method and physical absorption method. In chemical absorption method (such as amine method and alkali solution method), alkali solution (such as sodium hydroxide solution) reacts with hydrogen sulfide to generate sodium sulfide. After the solution reaches a certain concentration, it needs to be regenerated (such as oxidizing with air to generate sulfur monomer). The alkali solution can be recycled and is suitable for scenarios with large fluctuations in hydrogen sulfide concentration (such as landfill biogas). The physical absorption method (such as low-temperature methanol washing method) uses organic solvents to separate hydrogen sulfide with high solubility at high pressure and low temperature, which is suitable for high-pressure biogas treatment (such as the boosting process of biogas power generation). The energy consumption of solvent regeneration is low, but the equipment investment is high. Wet desulfurization can operate continuously, with a single system processing capacity of 100-1000 cubic meters per hour, suitable for large-scale sewage treatment plants and industrial biogas projects. Its desulfurization efficiency can reach over 99%, and it can reduce hydrogen sulfide concentration to below 20ppm.

　　生物脫硫是一種環(huán)保高效的新工藝，利用微生物的代謝作用將硫化氫轉化為無害物質(zhì)。工藝系統(tǒng)由生物反應器、營養(yǎng)液供給裝置組成，反應器內(nèi)的脫硫細菌（如硫氧化菌）在有氧條件下，以硫化氫為能源，將其氧化為硫酸根或單質(zhì)硫，反應條件溫和（溫度 20-35℃，pH 值 6-8），無需高溫高壓。生物脫硫適合中低濃度硫化氫（500-5000ppm）的處理，尤其適合與農(nóng)業(yè)沼氣工程結合，因反應產(chǎn)生的硫酸根可作為農(nóng)作物肥料的補充，實現(xiàn)資源循環(huán)。其運行成本低（主要消耗少量電能和營養(yǎng)液），無二次污染，但啟動周期長（需 1-2 個月培養(yǎng)微生物），且對溫度、pH 值變化敏感，適合穩(wěn)定運行的中型沼氣工程（處理量 20-200 立方米 / 小時）。

　　Biological desulfurization is an environmentally friendly and efficient new process that utilizes the metabolic action of microorganisms to convert hydrogen sulfide into harmless substances. The process system consists of a bioreactor and a nutrient solution supply device. The desulfurization bacteria (such as sulfur oxidizing bacteria) in the reactor use hydrogen sulfide as energy under aerobic conditions to oxidize it into sulfate ions or elemental sulfur. The reaction conditions are mild (temperature 20-35 ℃, pH 6-8), and do not require high temperature and high pressure. Biological desulfurization is suitable for the treatment of low to medium concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (500-5000ppm), especially when combined with agricultural biogas engineering. The sulfate ions produced by the reaction can be used as a supplement to crop fertilizers, achieving resource recycling. It has low operating costs (mainly consuming a small amount of electricity and nutrient solution), no secondary pollution, but a long start-up cycle (requiring 1-2 months to cultivate microorganisms), and is sensitive to temperature and pH changes, suitable for stable operation of medium-sized biogas projects (processing capacity of 20-200 cubic meters/hour).

　　工藝選擇需綜合考量硫化氫濃度、處理規(guī)模、運行成本及環(huán)保要求。低濃度、小規(guī)模場景優(yōu)先選擇干法脫硫（如農(nóng)村沼氣）；中高濃度、大規(guī)模場景適合濕法脫硫（如工業(yè)沼氣）；對環(huán)保要求高、運行穩(wěn)定的場景可采用生物脫硫（如生態(tài)農(nóng)場沼氣）。無論選擇哪種工藝，都需配套硫化氫在線監(jiān)測裝置，實時監(jiān)控出口硫化氫濃度（通常要求低于 200ppm），確保后續(xù)設備安全運行。隨著沼氣資源化利用的推廣，脫硫工藝正朝著高效化、低能耗、智能化方向發(fā)展（如干法脫硫劑自動更換系統(tǒng)、濕法脫硫液再生效率優(yōu)化），進一步提升沼氣利用的經(jīng)濟性與環(huán)保性。

　　The process selection needs to comprehensively consider the concentration of hydrogen sulfide, treatment scale, operating costs, and environmental requirements. Priority should be given to dry desulfurization in low concentration and small-scale scenarios (such as rural biogas); Suitable for wet desulfurization in medium to high concentration and large-scale scenarios (such as industrial biogas); For scenarios with high environmental requirements and stable operation, biological desulfurization (such as ecological farm biogas) can be used. Regardless of which process is chosen, a hydrogen sulfide online monitoring device must be installed to monitor the concentration of hydrogen sulfide at the outlet in real time (usually required to be below 200ppm), ensuring the safe operation of subsequent equipment. With the promotion of biogas resource utilization, desulfurization processes are developing towards high efficiency, low energy consumption, and intelligence (such as automatic replacement systems for dry desulfurizers and optimization of wet desulfurization liquid regeneration efficiency), further improving the economic and environmental friendliness of biogas utilization.

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