在全球能源轉(zhuǎn)型的浪潮中，清潔能源的開(kāi)發(fā)與利用成為焦點(diǎn)。沼氣作為一種可再生能源，其主要成分是甲烷，同時(shí)含有二氧化碳、硫化氫等雜質(zhì)。未經(jīng)提純的沼氣因雜質(zhì)影響，燃燒效率低、腐蝕性強(qiáng)，限制了其大規(guī)模應(yīng)用。沼氣提純技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)，猶如一把鑰匙，解鎖了沼氣作為優(yōu)質(zhì)清潔能源的潛力，在能源領(lǐng)域掀起了一場(chǎng)綠色變革。?
In the wave of global energy transition, the development and utilization of clean energy have become the focus. Biogas, as a renewable energy source, is mainly composed of methane and contains impurities such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Unprocessed biogas has low combustion efficiency and strong corrosiveness due to impurities, which limits its large-scale application. The emergence of biogas purification technology is like a key, unlocking the potential of biogas as a high-quality clean energy source and triggering a green revolution in the energy field. ?
沼氣成分剖析：復(fù)雜多元的氣體混合?
Analysis of Biogas Components: Complex and Multivariate Gas Mixtures
沼氣是有機(jī)物質(zhì)在厭氧環(huán)境下，通過(guò)微生物發(fā)酵作用產(chǎn)生的一種可燃性氣體。其成分復(fù)雜多樣，甲烷（CH?）含量通常在 50% - 70% 之間，是沼氣的主要可燃成分，決定了沼氣的能源價(jià)值。二氧化碳（CO?）含量約為 30% - 50%，它的存在降低了沼氣中甲烷的濃度，進(jìn)而影響沼氣的熱值。此外，沼氣中還含有少量的硫化氫（H?S），其含量一般在幾百 ppm 到數(shù)千 ppm 不等。硫化氫具有腐蝕性和毒性，不僅會(huì)腐蝕管道、設(shè)備，還會(huì)在燃燒過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生二氧化硫等有害氣體，污染環(huán)境。除了這些主要成分，沼氣中還可能含有少量的氮?dú)猓∟?）、氧氣（O?）、水蒸氣（H?O）以及一些揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物（VOCs）。這些雜質(zhì)的存在，使得沼氣在直接使用時(shí)面臨諸多問(wèn)題，因此沼氣提純成為提升其品質(zhì)和利用價(jià)值的關(guān)鍵步驟。?
Biogas is a combustible gas produced by microbial fermentation of organic matter in anaerobic environments. Its composition is complex and diverse, with methane (CH4) content typically ranging from 50% to 70%. It is the main combustible component of biogas and determines its energy value. The content of carbon dioxide (CO ?) is about 30% -50%, and its presence reduces the concentration of methane in biogas, thereby affecting the calorific value of biogas. In addition, biogas also contains a small amount of hydrogen sulfide (H ? S), whose content generally ranges from several hundred ppm to several thousand ppm. Hydrogen sulfide is corrosive and toxic, not only corroding pipelines and equipment, but also producing harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide during combustion, polluting the environment. In addition to these main components, biogas may also contain small amounts of nitrogen (N ?), oxygen (O ?), water vapor (H ? O), and some volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The presence of these impurities poses many problems for the direct use of biogas, making biogas purification a key step in improving its quality and utilization value. ?
提純?cè)恚横槍?duì)性去除雜質(zhì)提升品質(zhì)?
Purification principle: Targeted removal of impurities to improve quality
沼氣提純的核心原理是利用不同氣體在物理或化學(xué)性質(zhì)上的差異，有針對(duì)性地去除沼氣中的雜質(zhì)，提高甲烷濃度。對(duì)于二氧化碳的去除，主要基于其與甲烷在溶解性、吸附性等方面的不同。在物理吸收法中，利用二氧化碳在特定溶劑中的溶解度大于甲烷的特性，通過(guò)將沼氣通入吸收塔，使二氧化碳溶解在溶劑中，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)與甲烷的分離。例如，采用甲醇作為吸收劑，在低溫高壓條件下，二氧化碳能大量溶解于甲醇，而甲烷則幾乎不溶。在化學(xué)吸收法中，利用二氧化碳與某些化學(xué)試劑發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的性質(zhì)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)分離。如采用醇胺類溶液，二氧化碳會(huì)與醇胺發(fā)生可逆反應(yīng)，生成氨基甲酸鹽，從而從沼氣中被脫除。?
The core principle of biogas purification is to use the differences in physical or chemical properties of different gases to selectively remove impurities from biogas and increase methane concentration. The removal of carbon dioxide is mainly based on its differences in solubility, adsorption, and other aspects compared to methane. In the physical absorption method, the solubility of carbon dioxide in a specific solvent is greater than that of methane. By introducing biogas into an absorption tower, carbon dioxide is dissolved in the solvent, thereby achieving separation from methane. For example, using methanol as an absorbent, carbon dioxide can dissolve significantly in methanol under low temperature and high pressure conditions, while methane is almost insoluble. In the chemical absorption method, separation is achieved by utilizing the property of carbon dioxide reacting chemically with certain chemical reagents. If an alcohol amine solution is used, carbon dioxide will undergo a reversible reaction with the alcohol amine to generate amino formate, which will be removed from biogas. ?
硫化氫的去除則主要利用其還原性和酸性。在干法脫硫中，常用的脫硫劑如氧化鐵，硫化氫與氧化鐵發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)，生成硫化鐵和水，從而將硫化氫從沼氣中去除。在濕法脫硫中，利用堿性溶液與硫化氫發(fā)生中和反應(yīng)，或者利用強(qiáng)氧化劑將硫化氫氧化為單質(zhì)硫，實(shí)現(xiàn)脫硫目的。對(duì)于水蒸氣，由于其在低溫下容易凝結(jié)，通過(guò)冷卻沼氣，使水蒸氣冷凝成液態(tài)水，從而從沼氣中分離出去。對(duì)于其他雜質(zhì)，如氮?dú)?、氧氣和揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物等，可根據(jù)其物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)，采用吸附、膜分離等技術(shù)進(jìn)行去除，最終得到高純度的甲烷氣體。
The removal of hydrogen sulfide mainly relies on its reducibility and acidity. In dry desulfurization, commonly used desulfurizers such as iron oxide and hydrogen sulfide react chemically with iron oxide to produce iron sulfide and water, thereby removing hydrogen sulfide from biogas. In wet desulfurization, alkaline solution is used to neutralize hydrogen sulfide, or strong oxidizing agents are used to oxidize hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur, achieving the purpose of desulfurization. For water vapor, due to its tendency to condense at low temperatures, cooling biogas can condense it into liquid water, thereby separating it from biogas. For other impurities such as nitrogen, oxygen, and volatile organic compounds, adsorption, membrane separation, and other techniques can be used to remove them based on their physical and chemical properties, ultimately obtaining high-purity methane gas.
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